International Journal of Functional Research in Science and Engineering (IJFRSE)
The International Journal of Functional Research in Science and Engineering (IJFRSE) is an open-source, peer-reviewed journal that stands at the forefront of academic research. We are dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research spanning all fields of science and engineering. Our commitment to excellence is reflected in the depth and breadth of the research we publish.
Exploring the Practical Implications of Different Microbiology and Infectious Disease Topics to the Nursing Profession
Microbiology and infectious disease content form a substantial part of pre-service nursing education, yet the degree to which specific topics are perceived by practicing nurses as translating into concrete bedside practice varies, with implications for how nursing curricula and continuing education should be prioritized. This study explored registered nurses' knowledge of, and perceived practical relevance of, eight microbiology and infectious disease topics using a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. A total of 150 registered nurses across medical/surgical, intensive care, maternity/pediatric, and outpatient units at a Nigerian tertiary hospital completed a structured questionnaire comprising a topic-specific knowledge test, five-point Likert ratings of perceived practical relevance, and an open-ended item on specific practical implications for each topic. Knowledge scores were highest for hand hygiene and standard precautions (82.4%) and lowest for antimicrobial resistance (54.2%), while perceived relevance was rated highest for hand hygiene (M = 4.71) and lowest for vaccine-preventable diseases (M = 3.96). Years of clinical experience correlated significantly with knowledge score (r = .31, p < .01), perceived relevance (r = .46, p < .01), and self-reported practice change (r = .40, p < .01). Thematic analysis of open-ended responses identified concrete, topic-specific practical implications, including cautious antibiotic monitoring linked to antimicrobial resistance knowledge and earlier escalation of deteriorating patients linked to sepsis recognition training. These findings suggest that infection prevention topics with direct, repeated bedside application are both better retained and perceived as more practically relevant than topics with less immediate clinical visibility, such as antimicrobial resistance and vaccine-preventable disease, pointing to specific areas where nursing curricula and continuing professional development could be strengthened.
microbiology education, infectious disease, nursing practice, infection prevention, clinical relevance, continuing professional development
Copyright (c) 2025 Adaobi Maryann Ibekwe (Author)
The Effect of Mycoremediation on the Physicochemical Properties of Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soils of Niger Delta, Nigeria
Crude oil exploration and pipeline vandalism have left extensive areas of the Niger Delta contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, degrading soil quality and constraining agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mycoremediation—the use of fungi to degrade organic pollutants—in restoring the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbon-polluted soil sampled from an impacted site in Ogoniland, Rivers State. A completely randomized design was used, comprising four treatments (uninoculated control, and soil inoculated separately with Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Pleurotus ostreatus) replicated three times and incubated for 90 days under laboratory microcosm conditions. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and moisture content were measured at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. All three fungal treatments significantly reduced TPH relative to the control by day 90 (p < .001), with Pleurotus ostreatus achieving the greatest reduction (78.4%), followed by Penicillium chrysogenum (69.1%) and Aspergillus niger (65.6%), compared with only 17.6% attenuation in the control. Fungal treatments were also associated with significant improvements in pH, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus relative to the control, consistent with the release of nutrients as hydrocarbons were metabolized. These findings demonstrate that mycoremediation, particularly using ligninolytic white-rot fungi such as P. ostreatus, offers an effective, low-cost, and environmentally compatible approach for restoring hydrocarbon-degraded soils in the Niger Delta and warrants field-scale evaluation.
mycoremediation, hydrocarbon pollution, physicochemical properties, Pleurotus ostreatus, Niger Delta, soil restoration
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinyelu N. Umeaku (Author)
Introducing SimCenter in Industrial Chemistry: An Innovative Pedagogical Approach to Improve Chemical Formulation Skills in Undergraduates
Chemical formulation skills—the ability to select raw materials, calculate proportions, sequence processes, conduct quality control, and troubleshoot deviations—are central to industrial chemistry practice, yet undergraduate laboratory instruction is often constrained by limited reagents, equipment, and safe repetition opportunities, restricting students' chances to practice formulation decisions before working with real materials. This study evaluated SimCenter, an interactive virtual simulation platform allowing students to manipulate raw material ratios, run simulated quality control tests, and receive immediate feedback, as a complement to conventional laboratory instruction in an undergraduate industrial chemistry formulation course. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used with 100 second- and third-year industrial chemistry students from two intact class sections at a Nigerian university. The experimental group (n = 50) received SimCenter-supported instruction alongside standard laboratory sessions across a 12-week formulation unit, while the control group (n = 50) received the same laboratory sessions with conventional lecture-based instruction only. Chemical formulation skills were assessed using a practical performance instrument covering five domains: raw material selection, proportioning and dosage calculation, process sequencing, quality control testing, and troubleshooting. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for pretest scores, showed a statistically significant difference in posttest composite scores favoring the experimental group, F(1, 97) = 91.24, p < .001, partial η² = .49, a large effect, with gains most pronounced in troubleshooting and quality control testing. These findings suggest that simulation-based instruction, when used to complement rather than replace hands-on laboratory practice, can meaningfully strengthen undergraduate chemical formulation competence.
chemical formulation skills, virtual simulation, industrial chemistry education, undergraduate laboratory instruction, SimCenter
Copyright (c) 2025 Edith Ifeoma Madukasi (Author)
Toxicological Evaluation of Faforon Herbal: A Popular Stem Cell Product Marketed in Nigeria
Faforon herbal is a commercially marketed liquid preparation sold in Nigeria under the label of a "stem cell" product and promoted for the prevention or treatment of a wide range of conditions, including infections, fertility problems, and chronic diseases. These broad therapeutic claims have not been independently validated in peer-reviewed research, and regulatory bodies have separately raised general concerns about the marketing of unapproved stem cell-labeled products. Independent of these efficacy claims, this study evaluated the general toxicological safety profile of Faforon herbal using acute and repeated-dose oral toxicity testing in Wistar rats, following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines. In the acute toxicity phase, no mortality or overt signs of toxicity were observed at the limit dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight, indicating an oral median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5,000 mg/kg. In the 28-day repeated-dose phase, groups of six rats received distilled water (control) or Faforon herbal at 200, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight daily. Body weight, relative organ weights, hematological indices, serum biochemistry, and liver and kidney histology did not differ significantly from control at the low and mid doses. At the highest dose (2,000 mg/kg), relative liver weight, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly elevated relative to control (p < .05), and histology showed mild periportal hepatocyte vacuolation, while renal parameters and histology remained unaffected at all doses. These findings indicate a wide margin of safety for Faforon herbal at doses at and above typical recommended consumption levels, with mild, dose-dependent hepatic stress evident only at a substantially supratherapeutic dose. This toxicological safety assessment does not evaluate, and should not be interpreted as validating, the product's marketed regenerative or disease-specific therapeutic claims, which remain scientifically unsubstantiated and require separate, rigorous efficacy research.
Faforon herbal, toxicological evaluation, herbal safety, stem cell product, Wistar rats, OECD guidelines
Copyright (c) 2025 Ernest O. Ehirhie (Author)
Assessment of Hematological Indices, Antimicrobial, Fertility, and Histological Effects of Selected Plant Extracts Using an Animal Model
Medicinal plants are widely consumed in Nigeria for presumed health benefits, yet many are used without systematic evaluation of their physiological effects beyond their traditionally claimed use, leaving open questions about both efficacy and safety. This study assessed the hematological, antimicrobial, fertility, and histological effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica (neem) using an albino rat model. Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 6): normal control (distilled water), Moringa oleifera extract (400 mg/kg), and Azadirachta indica extract (400 mg/kg), administered orally once daily for 28 days. Antimicrobial activity of both extracts was additionally evaluated in vitro against four bacterial pathogens by agar well diffusion. Moringa oleifera significantly improved packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count relative to control (p < .05), with no adverse effect on sperm parameters, testosterone, or testicular and hepatic histology. In contrast, Azadirachta indica produced a significant reduction in packed cell volume and hemoglobin, and significantly impaired sperm count, motility, normal morphology, and serum testosterone relative to control (p < .05), with histopathological examination revealing disrupted germinal epithelium and depleted spermatogenic cells in the testes, alongside mild hepatic vacuolation. Both extracts showed appreciable in vitro antimicrobial activity against all four test organisms, with Azadirachta indica showing the larger zones of inhibition. These findings indicate that while both plants possess notable antimicrobial activity, Moringa oleifera appears hematologically beneficial and reproductively safe at the tested dose, whereas Azadirachta indica raises hematological and reproductive toxicity concerns that warrant caution regarding its traditional use, particularly among men of reproductive age.
Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica, hematological indices, antimicrobial activity, fertility, histopathology, albino rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinelo U. Umedum (Author)
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Metal Complexes of Schiff Base Derived from 4-Acetylantipyrine and Three Substituted Anilines
Three Schiff base ligands (HL1–HL3) were synthesized by condensation of 4-acetylantipyrine with three substituted anilines—4-chloroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, and 4-methoxyaniline—and their cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) complexes were prepared and characterized using melting point/decomposition temperature, percentage yield, molar conductance, elemental (C, H, N) analysis, magnetic susceptibility, infrared, and electronic spectroscopy. Molar conductance values (11.7–20.1 Ω⁻¹cm²mol⁻¹ in dimethyl sulfoxide) indicated the non-electrolytic nature of all complexes, consistent with coordinated chloride ions. Infrared spectral comparison showed a shift of the azomethine (C=N) stretching frequency to lower wavenumber upon complexation, confirming ligand coordination through the imine nitrogen, while new bands in the 420–540 cm⁻¹ region were assigned to M–N and M–O vibrations. Magnetic moment values (4.85–5.08 BM for cobalt(II), 3.05–3.26 BM for nickel(II), and 1.82–1.95 BM for copper(II)) supported octahedral geometry for the cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes and square planar geometry for the copper(II) complexes. Antimicrobial screening by the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans showed that all metal complexes exhibited greater inhibitory activity than their corresponding free ligands, with copper(II) complexes consistently the most active, and the nitroaniline-derived ligand and its complexes showing the highest activity among the three ligand series, though all compounds remained less active than the standard reference drugs. These findings are consistent with chelation theory and support continued exploration of antipyrine-based Schiff base metal complexes as candidate antimicrobial agents.
Schiff base, antipyrine, metal complexes, chelation theory, antimicrobial activity, substituted anilines
Copyright (c) 2025 Azubuike Jeremiah Okolo (Author)
Potentials of Combined Aqueous Extracts of Ginger, Garlic, and Lemon Juice in Controlling Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus in Albino Rats
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus frequently co-occur and are managed with pharmacological agents that, despite efficacy, are often associated with adverse effects and limited accessibility in resource-constrained settings, motivating continued interest in plant-based adjunct therapies. This study evaluated the combined aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), and lemon (Citrus limon) juice for effects on body weight, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile in a high-fat-diet and streptozotocin-induced model of obesity and diabetes in albino rats. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups (n = 6): normal control, obese-diabetic untreated control, obese-diabetic treated with metformin (500 mg/kg), and obese-diabetic treated with the combined extract at 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg body weight, administered orally once daily for 28 days. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were measured at days 0, 14, 21, and 28; lipid profile was determined at day 28. The untreated obese-diabetic group showed significantly elevated body weight, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, alongside reduced high-density lipoprotein, relative to normal controls (p < .05). Both extract doses significantly attenuated weight gain and hyperglycemia relative to the untreated obese-diabetic group in a dose-dependent manner, with the 500 mg/kg dose producing glycemic and lipid improvements approaching those of metformin and, for total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein specifically, exceeding metformin's effect. These findings suggest that the combined ginger-garlic-lemon extract possesses meaningful antiobesity, antihyperglycemic, and lipid-modulating potential and may warrant further investigation as a complementary phytotherapeutic approach to managing obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.
ginger, garlic, lemon, obesity, diabetes mellitus, albino rats, streptozotocin
Copyright (c) 2025 Francis Ndukwe Oguwike (Author)
Evaluation of Moisture Contents and Storage Conditions of Cereals and Legumes Sold in Eke-Awka Market, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Moisture content is among the most critical determinants of storage stability in cereals and legumes, directly influencing susceptibility to mold growth, insect infestation, and mycotoxin contamination. This study evaluated the moisture content and storage conditions of six commonly traded grains and legumes—maize, milled rice, sorghum, cowpea, groundnut, and soybean—sold in Eke-Awka market, Awka, Anambra State. A descriptive cross-sectional design combined laboratory determination of moisture content, using the oven-drying method (AOAC, 2000), with a structured observation and interview checklist administered to 30 vendors (five per commodity) covering storage containers, duration, pest control practices, and visible pest or mold evidence. Mean moisture content exceeded recommended safe storage limits for four of the six commodities: maize (14.8% vs. 13.0% limit), cowpea (11.4% vs. 10.0%), groundnut (9.8% vs. 8.0%), and soybean (12.1% vs. 11.0%), while rice and sorghum remained within safe limits. A one-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences in moisture content across commodities, F(5, 24) = 9.84, p < .05. Storage assessment revealed that most vendors (60.0%) used polypropylene sacks, nearly half (46.7%) stored produce for 2 to 4 weeks, and 43.3% employed no pest control measures, with visible pest or mold evidence observed in 40.0% of sampled stock. These findings indicate that a substantial share of cereals and legumes sold in Eke-Awka market are stored under conditions conducive to spoilage and potential mycotoxin risk, underscoring the need for vendor training on moisture monitoring and improved storage practices
moisture content, storage conditions, cereals, legumes, postharvest quality, Eke-Awka market
Copyright (c) 2025 Selina U. N. Okeke (Author)
A Political Ecology of Sand Mining in Awka, Southeast Nigeria
This study applies a political ecology lens to examine the drivers, actor relations, and consequences of sand mining in Awka, the capital of Anambra State in southeastern Nigeria, a region already prone to severe gully erosion. Adopting a qualitative case study design, data were generated through 32 semi-structured interviews with artisanal miners, community and traditional leaders, government officials, and residents, complemented by observation at four active mining sites and review of regulatory documents. Data were analyzed thematically using Ribot and Peluso's theory of access as an interpretive framework. Findings show that Awka's rapidly expanding construction sector has driven a sand economy governed less by statutory regulation than by an informal alliance of land-owning families, community and youth leaders, transport unions, and complicit local enforcement agents, each drawing on distinct rights-based, structural, relational, or illegal mechanisms of access. This governance arrangement distributes benefits unevenly while concentrating environmental costs—gully initiation, riverbank collapse, stream siltation, and farmland degradation—on downslope farming communities who are largely excluded from decision-making. The study argues that sand mining in Awka is best understood not as a simple regulatory failure but as a politically structured system of access in which environmental degradation and livelihood benefit are two sides of the same set of power relations. It recommends a hybrid governance model that formalizes artisanal mining, redistributes levies toward site rehabilitation, and strengthens community participation in environmental oversight
political ecology, sand mining, theory of access, gully erosion, Awka, Southeast Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Felix Obinna Nnatuanya (Author)
Facilitating Science Process Skills in Early Childhood Education Through Digital Simulation: A Quasi-Experimental Study
This study examined the effectiveness of digital simulation in facilitating science process skills among children in early childhood education. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was employed with 120 children aged 4 to 6 years drawn from four early childhood centers. The experimental group (n = 60) engaged with curriculum-aligned digital simulation activities addressing observing, classifying, measuring, predicting, and communicating, while the control group (n = 60) received conventional hands-on instruction on the same content over eight weeks. Skills were assessed with the Early Science Process Skills Rating Scale (ESPSRS). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for pretest scores, revealed a significant difference in posttest composite scores favoring the experimental group, F(1, 117) = 113.58, p < .001, partial η² = .49, a large effect. Gains were most pronounced in observing and communicating, with more modest but significant gains in measuring and predicting. Findings suggest that well-designed digital simulations, integrated with teacher scaffolding and hands-on follow-up, can meaningfully strengthen foundational scientific reasoning in young children without displacing developmentally appropriate practice.
science process skills, digital simulation, early childhood education, technology-enhanced learning, quasi-experimental design
Copyright (c) 2025 Obioma Henrietta Nnalue (Author)
Application of Chemical Simulation to Enhance Chemical Process Experience of Undergraduates
Undergraduate chemical process courses traditionally rely on lectures and pen-and-paper problem sets to teach mass and energy balances, unit operations, and process flow analysis, an approach that can leave students with limited felt experience of how these principles operate in a dynamic, interconnected plant-scale process. This study evaluated the effect of integrating Aspen HYSYS-based process simulation exercises into a Chemical Process Technology course on undergraduates' conceptual understanding and subjective process learning experience. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used with 90 third-year Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry students from two intact class sections. The experimental group (n = 45) completed weekly simulation exercises modeling distillation, heat exchange, and reactor unit operations alongside conventional lectures across a 13-week module, while the control group (n = 45) received identical lecture content and problem sets without simulation exercises. Conceptual understanding was assessed with a Process Conceptual Understanding Test (PCUT) administered pre- and post-intervention, and subjective process learning experience was assessed post-intervention with the Chemical Process Learning Experience Scale (CPLES), covering engagement, self-efficacy, perceived relevance, and depth of understanding. Analysis of covariance on PCUT composite scores, controlling for pretest, showed a significant effect favoring the experimental group, F(1, 87) = 73.36, p < .001, partial η² = .46. Independent-samples t-tests showed the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group on all four CPLES dimensions (all p < .001, d > 1.5). These findings suggest that integrating process simulation software into chemical process instruction meaningfully strengthens both conceptual mastery and the subjective experience of engaging with plant-scale chemical processes.
chemical process simulation, Aspen HYSYS, experiential learning, undergraduate chemical engineering education, process understanding
Copyright (c) 2025 Julius Nnamdi Ndive (Author)
HEAVY METAL CONTENT & HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF BEEF AND CHICKEN SAMPLES SOURCED FROM LOCAL RESTAURANTS IN MINING AREAS OF EBONYI AND ABIA STATE
This study was carried out to assess the levels of heavy metal contamination in giblets sourced from local restaurants in Southeastern Nigeria. The research employed atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for heavy metal analysis, followed by health risk assessments. The results revealed that copper (Cu) had the highest concentration among the metals detected, with a peak value (1.89 mg/kg) seen in the beef from Ishiagu, while cobalt (Co) had the lowest concentration, recorded at 0.02 mg/kg in the beef from Leru. In the Liver, iron (Fe) was the most abundant metal, with a maximum concentration (1.12 mg/kg) in Ishiagu, whereas arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) had the lowest concentrations (0.01 mg/kg) in Leru. The EDI analysis showed that Cu had the highest daily intake value (3.1002 × 10⁻³ and 2.8598 × 10⁻³ mg/kg/day) in the beef from Leru and Nkalagu, respectively, while Pb and As recorded the lowest EDI (1.86 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.71 × 10⁻⁵ mg/kg/day) in the Liver and Gizzard, respectively, across all locations. The THQ values indicated that Cu posed the highest non-carcinogenic risk, with a THQ (6.2004 × 10⁻²) in the beef from Leru, while Co had the lowest THQ (1.114 × 10⁻⁴) seen in the Liver .The HI values exceeded the safety threshold of 1 in Ishiagu, with a total HI of 1.1574, while the lowest HI was recorded in Nkalagu (5.84 × 10⁻¹). The CR analysis showed that nickel (Ni) had the highest carcinogenic risk, with a peak CR of 2.8412 × 10⁻³ in the beef from Nkalagu, whereas arsenic (As) had the lowest CR (1.58 × 10⁻⁷) in the Liver from Leru. Based on these findings, stricter monitoring and control measures are recommended to reduce heavy metal contamination in poultry products, ensuring food safety and protecting public health.
Heavy metals; Beef; Chicken; Ebonyi State; Abia State; Public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adaude Euphemia. Amalunweze, Ekene John Nweze, Chukwuduziem Nnamdi Igboeli, Chidimma Promise Okafor (Author)
Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Dietetics as the practical application of the principles of nutrition plays a major role in nutritional neuroscience that deals with the nutritional factors and their correlation to the human cognitive behavior and emotions. Malnutrition has a life-long effect. Malnutrition in early infancy results in decrease in number of neurons resulting in intellectual disability and mental retardation. Psychological manifestations including cognitive inadequacies. People who suffer from a mental health-related pathology have a higher risk to encounter cardiovascular complications that the general population. The psychiatric patients are vulnerable to develop obesity due to sedentary lifestyle, side effects of medication and inability to take care of themselves. This paper looks at the causes of mental disorder which include Biological factors, life experience and environmental factors, psychological and individual factors. Role of nutrition in the prevention of mental health were also discussed. Societal shifts, changes in the typical diet, food insecurity, genetics, nutrition in the prenatal environment, nutrition and stress, energy metabolism and glucose. The roles of major health constituent on mental health were analyzed. Role of vitamins and minerals, neuropsychiatric manifestations due to electrolyte / water disturbance and side effects related to certain nutrient in excess were also discussed. Dietary recommendations were made.
Nutrition, Psychiatry, Malnutrition, Health, Pathology
Copyright (c) 2026 Bukkyadijat Olahan (Author)
ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL OF LOCALLY SOURCED CLAY MINERALS IN ENUGU STATE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES FOR WATER PURIFICATION
This study evaluates the potential of locally sourced clay minerals from Enugu State, Nigeria, for synthesizing zeolites applicable in water purification. Kaolinite-rich clay samples were collected from deposits in Nsukka, Obollo-Afor, and Emene, characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their mineralogical and chemical compositions. The clays, primarily composed of kaolinite (60–75%) with minor quartz and illite, exhibited high silica (SiO₂: 45–50%) and alumina (Al₂O₃: 30–35%) contents, suitable for zeolite synthesis. Zeolites were synthesized via hydrothermal treatment using sodium hydroxide activation at optimized conditions (100°C, 24 hours). The resulting zeolites, identified as zeolite A and X through XRD, demonstrated high cation exchange capacities (CEC: 180–220 meq/100g) and surface areas (BET: 300–450 m²/g). Batch adsorption tests assessed their efficacy in removing heavy metals (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺) and organic pollutants (methylene blue) from contaminated water, achieving removal efficiencies of 85–95% under optimal conditions (pH 6, 25°C, 2 g/L dosage). The findings indicate that Enugu State’s clay minerals are viable precursors for cost-effective zeolite production, offering a sustainable solution for water purification in resource-constrained regions. Further scalability studies are recommended to enhance practical implementation.
Water, Clay, Synthesis, Zeolites, Purification
Copyright (c) 2026 Nwaka N. Idah (Author)
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF FRESH AND SPOILT FRUIT
Fruit juice is a liquid extract obtained by pressing or squeezing the natural juices from fruits. This study aimed to compare the microbial load in freshly prepared fruit juice, commercially sold fruit juice, and spoiled fruit juice. Samples were purchased from a market in the Mgbakwu area of Awka North. A total of eight commercially sold packaged juices were obtained. Fresh pineapple and orange juices were prepared aseptically and then divided into two portions: one was allowed to spoil, while the other was taken to the laboratory fresh for microbial analysis. Sixty milliliters of each spoiled and freshly prepared juice were taken to Conig-Simonne Biomedicals for microbial analysis.​Nutrient agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar were used for the isolation of microorganisms, and microbial counts were determined using plate methods. Freshly prepared fruit juices showed no microbial growth, while spoiled fruit juices had a higher microbial load of 2.50×10⁴ CFU/mL. The microorganisms isolated included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus spp., Shigella flexneri, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, and Salmonella enterica.​This study demonstrates that both commercial and homemade fruit juices are safe for human consumption, provided they are handled hygienically and consumed shortly after preparation, as they showed no microbial growth. However, homemade and commercially sold spoiled fruit juices exhibited signs of microbial contamination. These findings provide insights into microbial spoilage mechanisms and can inform strategies for improving fruit juice preservation.
Fruit, Juice, Microbial, Commercially, Fresh and Spoiled.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ifeyinwa Ibekwe, Chinwendu N Ozoh (Author)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PREDICTION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE
Adaptability and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body organs to work together as a system. The kidney as one of the important organs of the body deserves proper care to avoid failure. This research sort to simulate and postulate the threshold points of kidney failure using SEUCR test results obtained from indigenous hospitals in the Eastern part of Nigeria and synchronized in TensorFlow; an open source library for numerical computation. The result outcome is presented in realtime large-scale and verified with machine learning. A Virtual kidney diagnostic platform at 97% accuracy depicted threshold points of kidney failures.
Artificial Intelligence, Kidney failure, Chronic, Threshold, Human body.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngozi Ernest-Okoye, Ugochukwu Chinedu Odogwu (Author)
EXPLORING THE MOTHERS UTILIZATION OF FOOD ITEMS FOR INFANTCOMPLEMENTARY FEEDING WITH CHILDREN (6-23) MONTHS IN ENUGU STATENIGERIA: A FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
The focus group discussion highlights a clear preference for yellow maize 66.7%, primarily due to its familiarity among women and its appealing color. The yellow pigmentation, associated with βcarotene—a precursor of vitamin A—is believed to contribute to its high acceptability. β-carotene, abundant in yellow-colored plant foods, supports vision, skin health, cancer prevention, and combats vitamin A deficiency. Traditional food processing techniques such as soaking, fermenting, sun drying, roasting, and milling were commonly employed by women in the study area. These methods enhance the digestibility, shelf life, and nutritional quality of complementary foods, especially when combined with amino acid-rich ingredients. Notably, fermentation introduces probiotics that benefits gastrointestinal health. Soaking roasting and milling increases shelf- life of CF. However, the study also observed that a significant number of women (53.3%) introduced complementary foods before the recommended six-months period, which contributes to adverse health outcome such as retarded growth, atopic diseases, and increased risk of type 1 diabetes. The findings underscore the need for nutritional education and promotion of appropriate complementary feeding practices to ensure optimal infant development.
Yellow maize, Complementary Feeding, B- carotene, focus group, processing
Copyright (c) 2026 Chukwuemeka Ngozi Elizabeth, Pauline Ngozi Ikwuegbu (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF TEXTILE DYEEFFLUENTS USING LOCALLY SOURCED CLAY-BASED NANOMATERIALS IN NIGERIA
The increasing pollution of the environment due to textile dye effluents in Nigeria is a major source of danger to both aquatic environment and human health thus there is need to have sustainable remediation measures. This paper explores synthesis and analysis of iron-doped clay-based nanomaterials using the local resources in Ogun State, Nigeria to degrade popular textile dyes, reaction to Congo Red and Methylene Blue. Sampling was done in three locations- Ijebu-Ode, Abeokuta and Ifo characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy which showed the predominating mineral as kaolinite with different percentages of quartz and illite. Nanomaterials were prepared through wet impregnation using the iron chloride and then underwent calcination at 500 C which improved responsiveness of the material to visible light. The efficiencies of degradation of the two dyes in a laboratory-scale reactor (with LED irradiation of less than 100 W) at 4 hours showed efficiencies higher than 75 percent of each dye following pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constants of 0.015 to 0.025 min -1. Reusability tests indicated that it was stable after five cycles with more than 60% of efficiency. The study incorporates primary primary data in form of batch experiments done in triplicate and statistical analysis of ANOVA, which supports the idea of significant differences between performance according to clay source and doping level. The localized solutions are made in local areas, and the need to utilize these solutions is justified by the demographic factors of Ogun State being mainly Yoruba ethnic groups with a population of about 6.38 million who carry out their agricultural and industry activities. The results are in favor of scaling these nanomaterials in the treatment of wastewater to provide cost-effective alternatives to the existing one. The work contributes to the environmental chemistry field since the use of indigenous resources to control pollution in developing situations is utilized.
Photocatalytic Degradation, Clay-based Nanomaterials, Textile Dyes, Visible-light Photocatalysis, Pseudo-first-order Kinetics, Environmental Remediation
Copyright (c) 2026 Offor Njideka (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, FOR NOVEL ANTIBIOTIC DEVELOPMENT
This paper assesses the antimicrobial properties of endophytic fungi growing on selected medicinal plants within the State of Anambra, Nigeria, with a view of developing new antibiotics against the backdrop of the increasing antimicrobial resistance. The main aim was to isolate and identify endophytic fungi of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, and Azadirachta indica, screen, the bioactive compounds and determine the activity against pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, characterize promising compounds, and evaluate scalability to produce antibiotics. The research was done in the rural and peri-urban regions of Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi and involved gathering 300 plants samples (100 each species) in 15 sites, which were then isolated through surface sterilization and growth on potato dextrose agar. Id was done through morphology and molecular techniques such as ITS sequencing where 62 distinct isolates were obtained. Agar well diffusion screening showed that 18 isolates have significant activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0. 25 to 8 mg/mL. Key compounds were also characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and novel polyketides and alkaloids with broad-spectrum activity were identified. ANOVA statistical analysis was used to establish that the difference in activity was significant among the isolates (p < 0.05). The research indicates endophytic fungi as unexploited resources to address antibiotic resistance, which has added value to microbiology by offering empirical evidence on the biodiversity of Nigerian areas and presented a guideline on regional adaptations. This article highlights the value of indigenous resources in innovation in health, and possible therapeutic innovations made locally. Limitations: The testing is only due to laboratory scale implying that in vivo testing should be carried out in the future. In general, this paper suggests a scalable endophyte-based drug discovery model in a developing environment.
Endophytic Fungi, Antimicrobial Activity, Medicinal Plants, Anambra State, Nigeria, Novel Antibiotics, Bioactive Compounds, Ocimum Gratissimum, Vernonia Amygdalina, Azadirachta Indica
Copyright (c) 2026 Williams Charles Ezennaya (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS SOIL MICROBIAL CONSORTIA IN BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTIC WASTE IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
This paper will discuss how plastic-contaminated native soil microbial consortia contained in the state of Anambra, Nigeria can be used to biodegrade plastic (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste materials. The main aim is to identify and describe these consortia, determine its degradation performance at both laboratory and field setup and establish an initial bioremediation procedure. Three locations, namely a landfill site in Onitsha, a dumpsite in Awka and an industrial area in Nnewi were used as the locations of soil sampling which consisted of 30 samples at 0-20 cm depth of the soil in each site. Isolation of microbes entailed enrichment cultures under PE and PET as the only carbon sources and thereafter, 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing was done. Degradation was measured through an 60 days incubation by weight loss and by products GC-MS study. Mesh bags were used in in-situ assessment. Findings determined six consortia, the majority of which included Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Aspergillus spp., which produced PE and PET with 12-18% and 10-15% weight loss, respectively, which the ANOVA verified as site-specific. Field degradation achieved 8-12 hence applicability. Intermediates that were identified by GC-MS included aldehydes and carboxylic acids, which were indicators of oxidative pathways. The research paper is relevant to microbiology because it emphasizes the microbial diversity of an area to manage waste sustainably, and it suggests a scalable approach to Nigeria. Limitations are that the incubation period is not very long and that the environmental variables may be hazardous, in future research genetic engineering ought to be researched on so as to make better use of it. On the whole, the indigenous consortia are a promising and environmentally-friendly way of solving plastic pollution in developing areas.
Plastic Biodegradation, Microbial Consortia, Polyethylene, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Soil Microbiology, Bioremediation
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnamdi Osondu (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF EMERGING PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTANTS IN NIGERIAN SURFACE WATERS USING LOCALLY SOURCED CLAY-BASED NANOMATERIALS
The new drug pollutants in the surface waters are very harmful to the environment and health especially in developing countries such as Nigeria whereby the treatment of waste water is ineffective. This paper will analyze photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin in Nigerian surface water using iron-doped kaolinite nanomaterials produced using locally available clay. Anthropogenic contamination was observed in water samples of the Ogun River and Lagos Lagoon of the Lagos metropolis with a baseline ibuprofen concentration of 5.2-12.8 μg/L and a ciprofloxacin concentration of 3.1-9.4 μg/L. Wet impregnation was used to prepare iron-doped kaolinite photocatalysts, which was characterized through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis with an increase in surface area (45 m 2 /g) and a decrease in bandgap (2.8 eV). The degradation efficiencies of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin were 92 and 85 percent under simulated solar irradiation in 120 minutes with the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The stability was also tested in terms of the reusability that showed the ability to sustain five cycles with a slow efficiency loss (less than 10 percent). The human health consequences of being exposed to the pollutants can be highlighted by the demographic statistics of the Lagos metropolis, which consists of a population of 17.1 million people, the majority of which are urban residents who are employed as traders and industrialists. Field sampling and laboratory tests were used to collect primary data, which combined the monitoring of the environment and the use of nanomaterials. Results indicate iron-doped kaolinite as the affordable and sustainable solution to water purification in resource-restricted environments, which is part of the global campaign against pharmaceutical pollution. The scaling in the future may reduce ecological effects in the contaminated Nigerian waterways.
Photocatalytic Degradation, Pharmaceutical Pollutants, Iron-doped Kaolinite, Nigerian Surface Waters, Nanomaterials, Ibuprofen, Ciprofloxacin, Water Remediation, Environmental Health, Sustainable Technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Njideka Offor (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OF LOCALLY SOURCED PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
The long-standing energy supply issues faced in Nigeria and especially in areas such as Anambra State where power cuts are the main causes of poor socio-economic development requires the use of viable domestic solutions. The paper evaluates the piezoelectric energy harvesting of naturally occurring quartz and tourmaline in Abagana and Ukpo areas of the state of Anambra. To be ethical, 50 samples (25 samples of quartz and 25 samples of tourmaline) were visited in five artisanal mining sites that were chosen purposely and with the help of miners. Measurement of longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d 3 ) at Nnamdi Azikiwe University was done with measuring Berlincourt meter and voltage pressure within conditions of simulated mechanical stress that determines footsteps and machinery vibration common in local markets and industries across the region. The mean d 33 of 2.15 + 0.18 pC/NUnder compressive load of 500 N is 2 Hz yielded quantitative results as determined by statistical software giving means of 2.15 0.18 pC/N in quartz and 3.82 0.45 pC/N in tourmaline, with average open-circuit voltages of 18.7 mV and 24.6 mV, respectively. A prototype cantilever with processed samples of tourmaline generated a maximum of 12 μW in a simulated foot traffic, and was shown to be viable in making low-power devices. The abundance of materials and challenges of extraction and processing were highlighted in a qualitative study on 10 miners (80% male), with a mean age of 44 years, and 10 owners of small and medium enterprises (70% male), whose average age was 39 years. The scientific standards, such as consent of the community and sustainability, were maintained. Results verify that tourmaline is the best of natural minerals to work with in the context of generating decentralized energy in off-grids. This helps to enhance the lead free piezoelectric research, as part of environmental sustainability and renewable energy targets of Nigeria and suggests that policy reinforcement should be through the refinement of local materials and local based projects.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, Quartz, Tourmaline, Lead-Free Materials, Anambra State, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinazo Desmond Nwajiobi (Author)
DEVELOPING A NOVEL FRAMEWORK FOR OPTIMIZING COST ESTIMATION IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
The reality of affordable housing remained an issue in developing countries such as Nigeria highlights the necessity to find a new solution to the reduction of costs in construction projects. This research establishes the new Building Information Modelling (BIM)-based system that is geared towards reaching cost estimation optimization strength in low cost housing projects in Anambra State in Nigeria. The framework incorporates digital modelling to enhance precision, co-ordination and resource usage by fixing the inaccuracies in conventional techniques of computation of costs which in most cases result in cost overruns, project delays and resource wastage. The study will focus on quantity surveyors, contractors and developers in major city centers like Onitsha, Awka, and Nnewi where there is a severe housing shortage as a result of high urbanization and economic stress. A mixed-method design was used, but primary data using structured questionnaires were collected with 50 quantity surveyors and semi-structured interviews with 20 contractors, and cost data were collected on five ongoing affordable housing projects. It was a demonstration prototype, built in Autodesk Revit and Navisworks that included simplified procedures that are appropriate to a small and medium enterprise (SME) with minimal technological capabilities. Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS and demonstrated that there were more important difficulties to be overcome as software inaccessibility (mean score 4.2 out of 5 points on the scale), skill gaps (mean 3.8), and thematic analysis of interviews showed such issues as high initial costs and resistance to change. Comparative testing revealed that BIM estimates minimized deviation by 18-25 percent of the traditional techniques, and cost savings of project averages of 12 percent. Participants (n= 354) were mostly male (78), aged 35-50 (mean= 42), had tertiary education (65%), and more than 10 years experience (72%). There were ethical procedures that guaranteed a person the informed consent and confidentiality. The framework provides the scalability of the cost optimization solution that facilitates a sustainable delivery of housing. Policy support such as creation of BIM training, and encouragement of its adoption in the construction industry of Nigeria is suggested. The study plays the role of filling the gap in the quantity surveying literature by harmonizing the digital innovation aspect with the local contexts in order to enable economic advancement by way of effective resource allocation.
Building Information Modelling, Cost Estimation, Affordable Housing, Quantity Surveying, Construction Framework, Sustainable Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maduekeh Chiedu Okwudili (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI IN NIGERIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS FOR NOVEL BIOACTIVE COMPOUND DISCOVERY
The mangrove ecosystems in Nigeria, especially the Niger Delta and the Lagos lagoon, are biodiverse ecosystems that harbor endophytic fungi that have untapped potential of producing new bioactive compounds. The proposed research will also seek to explore the genetic variation and biotechnological uses of these fungi and how they can be used to solve antimicrobial resistance and other health problems in Nigeria. Sampling will focus on Bonny Island, Niger Delta, which is severely affected by oil pollution, and Ikorodu, which is mildly affected by anthropogenic activities, in the Lagos Lagoon to allow making comparative studies. The seasonal sampling of leaves, stems, and roots of dominant mangrove species will be done such as Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia germinans. Isolation of endophytic fungi will be done through surface sterilization and culture on potato dextrose agar, morphological and molecular identification done using ITS rDNA sequences and genetic diversity evaluated with phylogenetic programs such as MEGA software. Fermentation, secondary metabolite extraction, pathogen assays (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and HeLa cancer cell assays will be used in bioactive screening, and compound identification will be done using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The impacts of pollution will be evaluated by environmental parameters such as the pH in soil and the content of hydrocarbons. The demographic backgrounds are Donny Island with its population of around 309,200 (mainly Ibani Ijaw) who depend on fishing and oil supply and Ikorodu with its population of about 1,197,000 inhabitants in 2025 with different ethnic groups and involved in commerce and farming. The methods of primary data collection, which are field surveys and laboratory experiments, will expect at least 50 isolates, high genetic polymorphism, as well as correlations between stressors and metabolite production. This study will fill gaps in African mangrove microbiology, which will aid in discovering drugs in a sustainable manner and protecting the ecosystem.
Endophytic Fungi, Mangrove Ecosystems, Genetic Diversity, Bioactive Compounds, ITS Sequencing, Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry, Antimicrobial Activity, Oil Pollution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliana Afugbuom (Author)
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST IOT-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IN RURAL ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Introducing renewable energy systems, especially solar plants in the rural communities of the developing world like Nigeria have played a critical role in relieving the energy poverty but problems like inefficient systems, expensive maintenance, and real-time monitoring have still remained a challenge. This research forms and executes a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) system to track renewable energy infrastructure in rural in underserved Anambra State, Nigeria, and specifically solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The first goal is to create a community-based and scalable solution, which improves reliability and efficiency due to the ability to detect faults, track performance, and create maintenance-based on the data. The study will use a mixed-method design in sample of 50 households in Awka South and Anaocha Local Government Areas, which have been identified through purposive sampling to reflect the normal energy user in villages. Scheduling Data are to be collected through baseline surveys with structured questionnaires, prototype development with the help of Arduino microcontrollers, sensors, and GSM modules, and pilot implementation over a month and in 10 households. The quantitative analysis will involve descriptive statistics, paired t-tests to determine the efficiency at the beginning and the end of the implementation and the thematic analysis will evaluate the qualitative assessment of the usability through qualitative feedback. According to the results, the energy output has increased by 25% and the downtime decreased by 40% and the participants have expressed high satisfaction rates because of saving costs and convenience. The sample is composed of Igbo households, the majority of which are of an average age at 45 years, with low levels of literacy (60 percent- primary education) and dependent on agriculture. This system deals with distinct limitations such as unpredictable rainfalls and excessive sunlight in Anambra, which facilitates the use of renewable energy. The paper has something new to the knowledge of computer engineering, because they have shown cheap IoT applications where resources are limited, promoting energy equity and resilience.
IoT Framework, Renewable Energy Monitoring, Solar PV Systems, Rural Nigeria, Real-time Data, Low-cost Technology
Copyright (c) 2026 Chibueze Ezeokafor (Author)
ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF BAMBOO-REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR SUSTAINABLE LOW-COST HOUSING IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Due to the increasing number of people in need of affordable housing in developing countries such as Anambra State, Nigeria, and the need to have sustainable construction, which was environmentally friendly, alternative materials that would be used to reinforce concrete have been sought. This paper assesses the effectiveness of bamboo-reinforced concrete as a promising alternative to low cost housing in terms of mechanical properties, durability, cost-effectiveness, and practical considerations to apply. By using mixed methods, the study was carried out at three locations in the State of Anambra: Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi which were chosen based on their varying soil types, population densities and housing demands. Locally, bamboo culms of the Bambusa vulgaris species were increased and added to the M20 grade concrete mixes by exposure to a 5% solution of borax to improve preservation. Tensile, compressive and bond tests were done using universal testing machines as comparative tests with steel-reinforced concrete as per the ASTM standards. Durability was tested by exposure to the tropical humid three months under the hot environment where degradation and intake of moisture were measured. The cost analysis entailed the sourcing of information in the local markets which led to an average of 35% reduction in the reinforcement cost in the case of bamboo. Tensile strengths of 160-195 Mpa, compressive strengths equivalent to steel after 28 days (somewhere 25-30 Mpa after 28 days on beams), and bond strengths increased with surface treatments were found. Depreciation tests indicated that there was under 4 per cent degradation, which affirmed that it is tough in humid conditions. The researchers used surveys of 150 respondents in low-income households in the study locations, of which 60 percent were aged between 25-45 years, were mainly urban migrants, and they experienced housing scarcity assessed at more than half a million units statewide. The findings highlight the potential of bamboo in saving up to 30-40 percent of construction costs and ensuring environmental sustainability but such issues as the fluctuation in the material properties imply standard requirements. The study will play a role in ensuring sustainable construction in tropical Africa which will promote policy instalment of bamboo in the national housing systems.
Bamboo-reinforced Concrete, Sustainable Housing, Mechanical Properties, Durability, Cost-effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baba Benjamin Samson (Author)
ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL ENGAGEMENT THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF VIRTUAL LABS AND SIMULATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION
Virtual laboratories and system modeling brings revolutionary opportunities to the modern educational process to improve student engagement, strengthen conceptual understanding, and close access inequality in science education. This paper examines the effectiveness of these technologies in facilitating active learning, critical thinking, and development of practical skills in the various learning contexts. The study relies on peer-reviewed articles, school reports, and case studies of 1980-2025 to discuss their applications, results, and issues using a secondary data synthesis approach. Results show that virtual labs and simulations enhance student learning by 15-30 percent in STEM fields and also overcome inequity in limited resources settings. Training gaps, technological infrastructure, and inclusive design are also found with suggestions to implement it in a scalable manner and provide access fairly. The synthesis of the evidence presented worldwide suggests that this work can offer practical information to teachers and policymakers to adopt technology to create active and inclusive learning experiences.
Virtual Labs, Simulations, Educational Engagement, Technology Integration, STEM Education, Active Learning, Educational Equity
Copyright (c) 2026 Mary Ifeoma Mba (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE INTEGRATION OF SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AND ENGAGEMENT IN POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION
The incorporation of software technologies into post-primary education has become one of the key approaches towards the development of scientific literacy and student engagement. This paper will discuss the ways in which digital science education: simulation software, virtual laboratories, and interactive learning platforms can change the approach to teaching science via inquiry-based learning and critical thinking. The studies explore the effectiveness of such technologies in enhancing students knowledge of scientific concepts and their desire to learn science through a mixed-method approach. A sample of 300 post primary students and 50 science teachers in urban and rural schools in Ireland were used to gather data. The results show that software technologies are of great help in increasing scientific literacy, especially with the help of pedagogical strategies that put emphasis on student-centered learning. Nevertheless, there are limitations related to such challenges as insufficient teacher training, a lack of access to technologies in rural environments, and inconsistency of policies that undermine the widespread distribution. The paper highlights the importance of thorough professional growth and equal distribution of resources to help to make the best out of technology in science education. The recommendations involve changes in the curriculum to incorporate the use of digital tools and special interventions to overcome infrastructural differences.
Scientific literacy, software technologies, post-primary education, student engagement, inquiry-based learning, digital tools, science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzodinma Obialo Onuoha (Author)
EXPLORING THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS EXTRACTS IN COMBINATION WITH CONVENTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT PATHOGENS
The increased use of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is a scenario that has required new therapeutic approaches to help increase the effectiveness of available antibiotics. This paper examines synergetic opportunities of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) leaf and seed extract to use with traditional antibiotics (such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) to treat MDR bacterial strains. The study is assessed by in vitro analysis of minimum concentration of inhibition (MICs), fractional concentration indices (FICI), and time- Kill kinetics of such combinations. The findings show that Telfairia occidentalis extracts are highly effective in improving antibiotic efficacy as reductions in MICs reached up to 64-fold and synergetic FICIs (<0.5) were observed in three-quarters of interactions. The bioactive compounds that have been cited as the cause of this in the study include flavonoid and alkaloids, and mechanisms that have been proposed include efflux pump and membrane disruption. These results are important to highlight the opportunities of Telfairia occidentalis as an adjunct in the fight against MDR infections to fill important gaps in the treatment of antibiotic resistance. Clinical translation and subsequent phytochemical analysis recommendations are given.
Telfairia occidentalis, multidrug-resistant pathogens, antibiotic synergy, phytochemicals, fractional inhibitory concentration index, efflux pump inhibition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Clara Okeniyi (Author)
ENHANCING PHYSICS PRACTICALITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF VIRTUAL LABS AND SIMULATIONS IN PHYSICS EDUCATION
The virtual labs and simulation integration with the physics courses gives enormous potential to change the gap between the theoretical underpinnings and the real-life application of the knowledge in order to get a deeper insight and experience. This paper discusses how these technologies are effective in improving the feasibility of physics in post-primary and in tertiary education. The study evaluates the involvement of the use of virtual tools in overcoming the challenges encountered by teachers within this sector that include resource issues, lack of student interest, and unavailability of practical experimentation through a thorough synthesis of secondary literature in the form of peer-reviewed studies, education reports, and case studies published between 1970 and 2025. Among the major discoveries are that virtual laboratories enhance conceptual mastery by as much as 30 percent and make students more motivated, especially when the under-resourced environment is considered. The review identifies the weaknesses of conventional laboratory practices and suggests ways to address the limitations such as the training of teachers and access to technology. This work sheds light on the role of simulations in inquiry based learning that can be applied by teachers and policy makers to streamline physics education in an ever-changing, technology-focused world.
Virtual Laboratories, Simulations, Physics Education, Inquiry-Based Learning, Educational Technology, Conceptual Knowledge, Student Engagement, Equity in Education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Livinus Odo (Author)